Flight by Doris Lessing free essay sample

Love is one of the most powerful emotions that will usually exist when everything else has gone. Therefore, it is really miserable when you have to let go of the one you love. In the short story â€Å"Flight† by Doris Lessing, we see how much the granddad loves his granddaughter, and how he does not want to give her up to someone else. This love comes to the granddad a lot of conflicts, he wants to keep his granddaughter but in the other hand, he has to learn and accept of letting go of his granddaughter as a circle of life. Flight† was published in 1957, in a collection of short stories entitled The Habit of Loving. Throughout the story, all of the characters have their proper names Alice, Lucy, Steven except for one person, the main character: the old man. He is anonymous from the beginning to the end. Doris Lessing lets the main character go nameless in order to show that what happens to this character could happen to anyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Flight by Doris Lessing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, the old man seems to be a symbol of the old generation who always wants to keep their children in their way. At the beginning of the story, we see the old man loves pigeons. He calls them homing pigeons because of their excellent natural instinct, they are always able to find their way home back even far away from home hundreds of miles. One of them is his favorite pigeon which he depicts as â€Å"a young plump-bodied bird† and often plays with by calling â€Å"Pretty, pretty, pretty†. It is without doubt to say that his favorite pigeon is an embodiment of his granddaughter – Alice. From this image, the old man seems to say how beautiful his Alice is, how much he loves her, and how hopeful his daughter can be like the homing pigeons always knows the way home back to him, always be with him, and never leaves him alone. The old man may be still happy if he did not see his granddaughter â€Å"swinging on the gate† and â€Å"She was gazing past the pink flowers, past the railway cottage where they lived, along the road to the village†. His mood suddenly changes because he knows what his granddaughter doing at the gate, she is waiting for her boyfriend, Steven, the postman’s son. She is eighteen years old and going to get married. The old man does not like it. He is fearful of loosing his last granddaughter. Seeing Alice near the gate brings him a chilly feeling because the gate seems a transition between home and the outside world, childhood and maturity. It will take Alice out of his home, out of his control, enter a new world and never return. He wants to keep Alice for himself and avoids her not being like her three other sisters who got married and then â€Å"transformed inside a few months from charming petulant spoiled children into serious young matrons†. That is why he shouts at Alice angrily â€Å"Waiting for Steven, hey ? †, then â€Å"Think you want to leave home, hey ?. Think you can go running around the fields at night ? †, and finally â€Å"I’ll tell your mom†. And we can see â€Å"his fingers curling like claws into his palm†. This point describes him as a wild and ferocious pigeon, he becomes aggressively to intervene his granddaughter’s love affair in order to keep Alice always be with him. The story goes on with the fact that the old man cannot keep Alice. She loves Steven and will marry him next month. There’s no reason to wait† as his daughter said. This comes to the old man that â€Å"He would be left, uncherished and alone†. But as an unexpected wish, Steven comes and gives him a young pigeon because he knows the old man loves pigeons so much. They give him a pigeon which also means they give him a gift of love and respect. Moreover, they are giving him a re assurance that they are sympathetic with him about the loneliness he has to suffer, and their promise to stay with him. The old man finally realizes that he cannot keep his beloved granddaughter forever. Comforted by the gift of another young pigeon, â€Å"he shut it in a box and took out of his favorite†, and sets his favorite free to fly in a symbolic gesture that proves his painful acceptance of the fact that he must allow Alice the freedom to grow into maturity. At the end of the story, Alice â€Å"was staring at him. She did not smile. She was wide-eyed, and pale in the cold shadow, and he saw the tears run shivering off her face†. She cries when she sees her granddad release his favorite pigeon. She knows his action means he loves her so much, he accepts loosing his favorite granddaughter in order for her to be happy with her new life. And more, we do not know if those are tears of joy or sadness or some other feelings. The story ended with ambiguous conclusion through the tears on Alice’s face. Those tears can be for anyone in the story depending on the readers’ feeling. Moreover, throughout the story, we have learned that we must let go of what we cannot change and how to accept the reality in order to move on with life. Flight by Doris Lessing free essay sample Love is one of the most powerful emotions that will usually exist when everything else has gone. Therefore, it is really miserable when you have to let go of the one you love. In the short story â€Å"Flight† by Doris Lessing, we see how much the granddad loves his granddaughter, and how he does not want to give her up to someone else. This love comes to the granddad a lot of conflicts, he wants to keep his granddaughter but in the other hand, he has to learn and accept of letting go of his granddaughter as a circle of life. Flight† was published in 1957, in a collection of short stories entitled The Habit of Loving. Throughout the story, all of the characters have their proper names Alice, Lucy, Steven except for one person, the main character: the old man. He is anonymous from the beginning to the end. Doris Lessing lets the main character go nameless in order to show that what happens to this character could happen to anyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Flight by Doris Lessing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, the old man seems to be a symbol of the old generation who always wants to keep their children in their way. At the beginning of the story, we see the old man loves pigeons. He calls them homing pigeons because of their excellent natural instinct, they are always able to find their way home back even far away from home hundreds of miles. One of them is his favorite pigeon which he depicts as â€Å"a young plump-bodied bird† and often plays with by calling â€Å"Pretty, pretty, pretty†. It is without doubt to say that his favorite pigeon is an embodiment of his granddaughter – Alice. From this image, the old man seems to say how beautiful his Alice is, how much he loves her, and how hopeful his daughter can be like the homing pigeons always knows the way home back to him, always be with him, and never leaves him alone. The old man may be still happy if he did not see his granddaughter â€Å"swinging on the gate† and â€Å"She was gazing past the pink flowers, past the railway cottage where they lived, along the road to the village†. His mood suddenly changes because he knows what his granddaughter doing at the gate, she is waiting for her boyfriend, Steven, the postman’s son. She is eighteen years old and going to get married. The old man does not like it. He is fearful of loosing his last granddaughter. Seeing Alice near the gate brings him a chilly feeling because the gate seems a transition between home and the outside world, childhood and maturity. It will take Alice out of his home, out of his control, enter a new world and never return. He wants to keep Alice for himself and avoids her not being like her three other sisters who got married and then â€Å"transformed inside a few months from charming petulant spoiled children into serious young matrons†. That is why he shouts at Alice angrily â€Å"Waiting for Steven, hey ? †, then â€Å"Think you want to leave home, hey ?. Think you can go running around the fields at night ? †, and finally â€Å"I’ll tell your mom†. And we can see â€Å"his fingers curling like claws into his palm†. This point describes him as a wild and ferocious pigeon, he becomes aggressively to intervene his granddaughter’s love affair in order to keep Alice always be with him. The story goes on with the fact that the old man cannot keep Alice. She loves Steven and will marry him next month. There’s no reason to wait† as his daughter said. This comes to the old man that â€Å"He would be left, uncherished and alone†. But as an unexpected wish, Steven comes and gives him a young pigeon because he knows the old man loves pigeons so much. They give him a pigeon which also means they give him a gift of love and respect. Moreover, they are giving him a re assurance that they are sympathetic with him about the loneliness he has to suffer, and their promise to stay with him. The old man finally realizes that he cannot keep his beloved granddaughter forever. Comforted by the gift of another young pigeon, â€Å"he shut it in a box and took out of his favorite†, and sets his favorite free to fly in a symbolic gesture that proves his painful acceptance of the fact that he must allow Alice the freedom to grow into maturity. At the end of the story, Alice â€Å"was staring at him. She did not smile. She was wide-eyed, and pale in the cold shadow, and he saw the tears run shivering off her face†. She cries when she sees her granddad release his favorite pigeon. She knows his action means he loves her so much, he accepts loosing his favorite granddaughter in order for her to be happy with her new life. And more, we do not know if those are tears of joy or sadness or some other feelings. The story ended with ambiguous conclusion through the tears on Alice’s face. Those tears can be for anyone in the story depending on the readers’ feeling. Moreover, throughout the story, we have learned that we must let go of what we cannot change and how to accept the reality in order to move on with life.

Public Administration essay

Public Administration essay Public Administration essay Public Administration essayPublic administration provides the organization of joint activities of people and manages these activities through the relevant bodies of the state apparatus and civil servants who perform certain functions. Among the functional responsibilities I can highlight the following: planning, scientific forecasting, formation of government bodies and organization of their activities, gathering and processing information, monitoring and accounting. I believe that the most important feature of public administration is the practical organization of the functions of the state.Each person sees public administration in different ways, but all of us wants to live in a state where his opinion is taken into account. I agree with experts who believe that public administration takes place where people work together collaboratively. It provides awareness and focus of this activity. Management achieves its goals through the harmonization and coordination of human actions. Ther efore, I am sure that it is desirable that each of us takes into account not only personal initiative, but also consider the opinion of other people. In my opinion, it would be right. Performing coordination function, management ensures consistency between the individual actions.In order to understand how possible it is for the system of public administration to be at the same time effective, efficient, and accountable, I offer to consider what principles the governance is based on. There are three approaches, which are formulated according to these basic principles. They are: legal, political and management. Core values ​​of public administration under legal approach are the values ​​of the rule of law and the protection of citizens rights. In this case, public servants are subordinated not so much to their superior, but to the requirements of law. According to political approach, the main task of government is to maximize the embodiment of the will of p eople. Civil servants at the same time must be politically accountable and susceptible to the current interests of the citizens. As it is known the core values ​​of public administration under management approach should be: effectiveness, efficiency and results. On my opinion, it is important to get maximum results with acceptable cost. As we see, these three approaches have one common problem the problem of compliance of actions of civil servants formulated in principles: follow the rule of law (legal approach), following the will of people (political approach) and follow the purpose of obtaining the desired socio-economic result (management approach).In my opinion, it is impossible to speak separately about effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, as they are complementary concepts. If the system is not effective and efficient, it won’t be accountable. Conversely, without setting a goal to work for results, efficiency and qualification are meaningless. I believe that in order to achieve these three conditions, political administration should adhere to a set of requirements. Experts say that effectiveness of the work of management system requires interaction of all components of the system. Management should be comfortable for both manager, and managed. Thus, I am sure that for effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, public administration should adhere to ethics of management. Manager must be able to think and build a logical chain. He should have a wide range of knowledge of the area in which he works. I truly believe that all employees of the public administration should be literate and competent. In order to make public administration effective, efficient, and accountable, it needs to set goals. The main objectives of public administration are socio-economic (achievement of economic prosperity, building and maintaining a certain system of economic relations, and satisfaction of public interest), political (developing posi tive proposals and processes in society and state, participating of all political forces in the management of the country, contributing to the improvement of state and social structures and , in particular, human development), security (ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, rule of law in society, public order and safety), institutional (formation of legal system, promoting implementation of all the basic functions of the state and solving all its problems with the help of democratic institutions and the rule of law mechanisms).Based on the facts named above, I can make a conclusion that the considerable importance in the government belongs to people who work in this system. I believe that government employees have to be of great professionalism in order public administration to be effective. Professional experience and deep knowledge play a huge role in improving the efficiency of public administration. It is appropriate to create business schools where future specialists c ould learn the priority tasks of the system and experiences of successful managers. Their professionalism must be maintained by conducting appraisals. There is a need to conduct seminars for civil servants with foreign guests to share experiences. I am sure that it is necessary for state personnel to be guided by national interests, listen to the needs of population, and hold meetings with public. In order to improve governance, they should follow its principles. Among the basic principles are the following: democracy (according to which the people is the source of power), legality (activities should be based on compliance with the laws of the country), objectivity (adequate perception of the situation), scientific (adoption and implementation of management decisions should be carried out taking into account scientific developments), concreteness (activity management should take into account specific circumstances of life), and efficiency (achieving the objectives of management acti vities should be done with minimal effort, time and money). I am sure that managers should be able to find a middle ground, then the work of public administration will be effective, efficient, and accountable.

Community Marketing Through Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Marketing Through Social Media - Essay Example This is a strategy to actively engage an audience in a non-intrusive manner usually in a public forum. Unlike traditional marketing strategies, community market has its focus on the needs of existing customers. In a nutshell community marketing seeks to establish a permanent connection between existing customers, prospects, companies, and products. By so doing it will be in a position to improve a products adoption into the wider community and also satisfy the same market while strengthening customer loyalty (Unger 2008). In the recent past social media has increasingly been commercialised. It has become a complex community which has been drawn from a wide cross-section of the community all with different backgrounds. It is this large community that has been a major target to marketing, and has made social media marketing to be considered by marketing executives. Incorporation of social media into e-commerce has changed the game of marketing and indeed drawn a lot of benefit to busin esses that are involved. The most obvious benefit would be capturing the diverse and ever growing audience that constitutes the social media. Click on display ads can be linked up with e-commerce websites that would allow customers to make required purchase at their convenience (Schneider 2011). Much as social media and community marketing cannot be measured through direct sales, such efforts usually go a long way in raising awareness of an organisation and creating a good image. Facebook fans It is very evident and clearly spelled out the returns any e store gains in terms of customer interaction and even recruiting new fans. However, it has always been an enigma how to take the momentum created by these fans and convert it to sales. The solution of creating these Facebook fans to paying customers is to create a platform that will move the fans from Facebook to the e store. This can be achieved through the following steps: Engage the fans with content they can relate to and share. Facebook is a powerful community hub, and its fans offer a rich marketing opportunity. Secondly, share content that invites the fans to the e-store. This can be through a link that offers a valuable option, such as a contest entry that will entice the fans. Finally, once the fans attention and contacts have been captured the e-store can introduce sales opportunities via email. Facebook Ads and display branding The most common way of incorporating community marketing in Facebook is through display Ads. Influential branding and strategically placed display advertisement tops the list of factors that increase sales and product awareness. Facebook display Ads can be tailored for specific audience, and be made to offer a lot more than just plain advertisement. Their dynamic nature also allows them to easily fit to any site without interfering with the main content. The only downside to this however, is that it tends to create a clustered landscape which can very easily be managed through careful targeting and selection of markets. Similarly, building brand awareness can be employed as a strategy to capture the rich market found in social media. Beyond marketing, Facebook presents a platform for organisations to directly engage with potential customers, and display their expertise in a given field. Tweeter account Another skilful way is incorporating Tweeter into e-commerce through the development of a user community. A Tweeter account of the e-store can push further the notion of spreading a positive word about the products offered to the larger market. This account can include special features such as group forums of a particular brand, and

Supply chain Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply chain - Dissertation Example Importance of Food Security Eminent scholars such as Sanyal and Babu (2009) emphasized that food security is a part of nutritional security in which people will have the access to safe drinking water and balanced nutrition so as to ensure every child of a nation has the opportunity to embrace mental and physical development. According to Sanyal and Babu (2009) food security needs to be viewed as a factor responsible for food production, income generation as well as employment generation. In addition, it has also been discovered that the presence of the food security bill in a nation helps in improving the environmental health, economic vitality and human health & social equity. In the context of environmental health, the presence of food security ensures that the food production and procurement do not affect air, land and water required for the future generation. In the context of economic vitality, it ensures that people responsible for the production of food are able to earn decent revenue. Hence, food security plays a crucial role in the revenue and employment generation. In addition, the food security bill is also responsible for ensuring that more importance is being placed in the development of community and health of the community. As a result of this, people will be able to access the foods in a more dignified manner. Thus, from the discussions above it can be affirmed that food security is extremely important for a nation to prosper and secure a safe position. Growing Importance of Food Security and Impact of Supply Chain Nations around the world have begun addressing the issue of food security sincerely. This is principally because of the fact that the situation of food security has reached an alarming stage. Reports have suggested that the... In order to ensure food security and execute the strategy of sustainable agriculture, it is essential to figure out some of the critical foods that have been listed by most nations in food security programs. There are certain foods which are enlisted by the countries as critical foods. This is because such foods have reached an alarming stage or are vital in meeting and feeding the growing population. It has been found that a number of foods have been marked as critical, but in common the foods are maize, beans, wheat, potato, rice and banana. For example, the reason behind considering maize as important and critical food crop because it is highly valued among households (Weadapt, 2013). Moreover, it can be stored dry, can be grown faster and is often managed by the farmers without requiring much expert advice. In this context also supply chain will play a crucial role. The food processors and their supply chain partners face several issues because the tastes of consumers are shiftin g from vegetable and grain-based foods to poultry and meat. Hence, drought, low productivity and volatility of price will seriously impede food distribution and supply. Therefore, streamlining of the distribution and reducing the number of intermediaries is the only solution to the issue. In order to deal with the issue of food security different countries have adopted different measures. For this project, the activities of 5 nations from 5 continents will be presented. The countries chosen are UK, USA, China, Australia and Kenya. The same has been presented below: - UK (Europe) - The country is adopting ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in order to improve the trust and security in the food supply chain.

What does it mean to study management critically Essay - 1

What does it mean to study management critically - Essay Example There are also various terms associated with management such as scientific management, human resource management, knowledge management among others. In organisations, it is mostly used to mean the relationship between those in the higher levels of the hierarchy or employer and employees. So why do we need to study management critically? I will argue that there is need to study management critically due the rise in globalisation which is rapidly changing the nature of work and management. Secondly, management and organisation as Minzberg (1971) asserts affects all aspects of our lives thus a need to understand what it entails and how it can be made effective leading to orderly society. Thirdly, the managers need to be self-critical in order to perform their roles successfully and this needs critical analysis of what their roles entail, how they are supposed to behave and relate with their environment. In the first section, I shall outline how the management concept has evolved over time and how it impacts on organizations and workforce. In achieving this, I shall draw on ideas from Bakan (2004); Linstead, Fulop and Liley (2009) and Jackall (1988). In the second section, I shall demonstrate the benefits of management as well as the negative outcomes associated with it to show that one can be critical of management wi thout necessarily being against it as the critical management studies do (Clegg, Kornberger, Carter & Rhodes, 2006; Edwards & Wajcman (2005); Mintzberg, 1971; Parker, 2002). In the third section, I shall demonstrate the role of being critical in own management and what it means to be critical. I shall then conclude with a brief summary. The Management concept has evolved over a long period of time prompted by changing nature of the economic systems from feudalism to capitalism and recently to a knowledge economy. According to Linstead et al (2009), work in traditional societies or feudal societies was done by hands; for

Value Management in UK Construction

Value Management in UK Construction Abstract This dissertation of project will investigate how the value management is being utilised in todays construction industry in United Kingdom and to investigate how the value management was used in the UK construction industry. The project will consider how the connection between the size of the project and the level of use of value management. The project will also aim to discover whether there is a connection between the size of a company and the level of value management utilization. It is so hard to find the company as complete however the level of importance of value management in a company places can be judged to a certain by the level of its use within a company, and also whether an organisation provides its employees with vale management training and as such this piece of work shall aim to uncover if there is a n association between the size and type of a business, and the level of training which it provides. The main things involved were about the business and the projects. The data will be collected through questionnaire sent to a sample of construction professionals in Dubai, Srilanka and in UK. The study will conclude that there is an association between the size of a project or business and the level of use of value management. It will also conclude that there is no any association between the type of construction organisation and the level of training provided to employees; however there is a association between the size of an organization and level of training provided to employees. Chapter 1: Problem Statement and structure of Dissertation 1.1 Problem Statement The value management is the thing which is prepared for the estimating and the classification of the project scope and the means which there can be obtained by the value for money using a specialist facilitator and workshop techniques. According to the institute of value management, the value management has their principles of approaches; A continuous awareness of value for the organization, establishing measures of estimates of value, monitoring and controlling them; A focus on the objectives and targets before seeking solutions; A focus on function, providing the key to maximize innovative and practical outcomes The concept of value is on the association between the satisfaction of many differing needs and the resources used and the most satisfaction of needs, more the value. Stake holders, internal and external clients may all hold different view of what the value is. The aim of the value management is to resolve these differences and enable an organization to achieve the greatest progress towards its stated goals with the use of minimum resources which you can (see the figure below) What is necessary for desired user Satisfaction of needs Use of resources = Value Everything that is required to satisfy needs It is very important to understand that value may be better by more the satisfaction of need even if the resource used in doing so increase provided that the satisfaction of need increases more than the increase in use of resources. Nowadays in construction, customers are mostly concerned with achieving value for money in their construction projects. In response to this demand, a developed number of companies claim to offer the value management as a service, however there is a confusion what actually comprise what actually comprise the value management with some commentators going as far as questioning whether value management differ from the established produce of cost management (Green, 1992) The previous day the value management is not that it is a cost cutting exercise, or a methods which is to be budgeted within a projects, rather as a mean of achieving best value for money to client value management may raise procurement costs and the price of a project up front, If it means it will increase the value/function ration (Kelly et al, 2002) Ahsworth and Hogg (2000), claim that for a 1% fee on construction cost, it is possible that a total saving between 10%-15% on construction costs can be achieved. It is hard to prove how accurate this estimate is, however the benefit to client are widely touted, with the Egan report of 1998, also claiming a saving of up to 10% possible. However other the commentators such as palmer (1996) say that the effectiveness of value management depends mostly on the personalities involved, the timing of the study, the interaction of the team and the role of the client and the input of the design team, whilst going on to say that as functional analysis often gets ignored the whole value management process is often no more than a cost cutting exercise. Most professionals would agree however that value management does have its merits. What this in mind it would seem senseless were value management not to be utilised to its full potential. However difference sources were seem to suggest that the case is that not all, or really very few organisations use value management its full potential ( Fong,2005) This is because of lot of understanding of value management or it is being realize at the wrong time. Kelly (2002).States that the previous value management is realising that the more effective it will be. If the limits of the construction scheme are clear from the Inception, then the design and briefing can be associated with the time, cost and quality constraints of the customer. With all these points in mind this piece of work aims investigate how value managements being utilised in todays construction industry in the UK. Furthermore, to investigate the views of organisation and individuals in the industry with regard to value management. 1.2 Aims The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how the value management is being utilised in todays construction industry in UK, and to investigate the views of companies and industrials in the industry with regards to value management, by examining how it is spread widely the use of value management, It will be useful to spread projects up into categories based on size to determine whether there is a connection between the project value and the probability of value management being used, and as such test the suggestion, S1: Value management is important in larger projects. The scope of this piece of work furthering work by Hogg (1999) and Hander son (2006) whether there is a relationship between the size of a company and the level of value management utilization and in doing so testing the suggestion. S2: Value management was not utilised in smaller UK construction industry rather than the larger companies. It is hard to measure the view of a company entirely even though the level of importance a company places on value management can be judged to a certain extent by the level of its use with a company, and also the company should need the employees with value management training to design between companies, they will be separated into groups based on size and type and as such the following suggestion can be tested; S3: There is no any group between the type of a company and whether value management training is given. S4: There is no any group between the size of company and whether value management training is given. 1.3 Objectives The objectives can be realised in meeting some of these intends are; To expose whether the value managements basic principles are understand amongst construction professionals in the UK, and to employ a testable definition to make it possible to distinguish whether authentic value management is being employed. To research an investigate the distinguish of boundaries between small, medium, large and very large companies in order to investigate whether there is a connection between the companies size and utilisation of value management. To research an investigate the distinguish of boundaries between small, medium, large and very large projects in order to investigate whether there is a connection between the companies size and utilisation of value management. 1.4 Structure of dissertation Chapter 2 of this research will aim is to carry out a comprehensive critical review of literature and past research, incorporation with both accepted and historic literature but also the most up to date material relevant to the topic the literature, in particular the methodologies, data, analytical techniques etc. So as to ensure the objectives evaluation takes place. A different views and theories will be presented through synthesis and evaluation this section of the research will aim to provide a theoretical framework by; Essential of topic and terms Noting items of theory Noting major references Executing searches for literature appropriate to the topic and problems Obtaining and reviewing a range of sources Produce a review of the material This research will aim investigate whether or not value management is being fully utilised in the construction industry, in the learning of a range of professionals from differing background s in the construction industry .To measure a general opinion on the topic, it will be necessary to gather research which is relevant to the aim, objectives and the suggestion . This research was done by the journals, books, e-journals, the internet and publications such as building magazine. Chapter 3 will assessed by the possible mean of data collection, which is that the most appropriate method can be implemented this chapter of the research will be to find the most suitable method of measure the thoughts and views of construction professionals from different backgrounds, to determine whether value management is there knowledge of experience is being used fully in the construction industry. In this chapter will also evaluate the type of data that will be collected. There are two types of data which can be collected in order to test the assumptions namely quantitative data and qualitative data which is a combination of both plan may help to achieve a more conclusive end result; Naoum (2003) describes qualitative research as subjective with an emphasis on meanings, experience and description with (Fellows and Liu, 2003) describing qualitative research as subjective whilst providing a richness of data that cannot be obtained from quantitative data. And finally this section of the dissertation will measure of formal inference to determine which method is most appropriate given the type of data to be collected. In the chapter 4 of this dissertation the method which we discussed before will be implemented to produce and analyse a primary data, and enabling the earlier outlined aims and objectives to be met. When the results have been fully examined and checked, they will be visually presented in the form of tables, charts, diagrams and graphs. This will allow the answers of results of the tests to be visually conveyed. Statistical inference is employed which is to be done by the applicability of the results to the issues under examinations. The results will be use to prove or disprove the suggestion. In chapter 5 will be the results to conclude in the context of the theory to conclude in the context of the theory and literature review, and in light of the aims objectives set out at the beginning of the project. The finding will be considered in light of theory with the scope by advancement of knowledge. A critical review of what has been achieved throughout the course of the study will be carried out. This will allow the recommendation to make for the further works to be carried out. 1.5 Principal related work Ashworth and Hogg K (2000) Added value in construction. Essex, Pearson Education Ltd Hogg K (2000) Factors inhibiting the expression of value methodology in the UK construction sector : SAVE international conference proceedings available at; http://www.value-eng.org/pdf_docs/conference_proceedings/2000/2012.PDF Male, S Kelly, J (1998) the value management Benchmark; A good practise framework for clients and practitioners. Thomas Telford. Chapter 2: theory: Secondary Data 2.1 Introduction This was originally came from the manufacture Industry in the 1950s,The value analysis tool has came through different names and concepts into value management process as we all know it today which the key industry drivers was used to manage that of cost, time and quality. Value management include design management concepts of whole life costing, risk management and human resource management (Green, 2002) and is principally aimed at achieving the best value of money (in terms of both, decision arising from the process of value management, the following product and the process itself) to certify a best use of time and resources. Research and development work was brought out by Kelly and male (1998) together with Green (1990) and palmer (1992) which gave consideration to the application of the philosophy and the process within value management in the UK construction industry. Value management at this time was addressed commonly with passion and seen to have significant importance in the development of a move efficient and reasonable construction industry (hogg, 2000) Certainly in later years the UK construction industry has came under heavy scrutiny and has received high analysis from major sources. In 1994 the Latham Building the team Identified the inefficient built in an adversarial construction industry setting a challenge for change and developments. These analysed coupled with clients increasing demand for achieving value for money have seen designed and contractors take up the gauntlet and improve different types of business relationships and evolved new methods of good practices, and methodologies to develop effectiveness and value to the client. The meaning of value management was more highlighted when another government endorsed report, Rethinking Construction, (Construction Task Force.1998) Which also criticised ineffectiveness in the UK construction industry was presented the deputy prime minister. The report highlighted value management as a mean developing performance describing it as: A structured method of eliminating waste form the brief and the design before binding commitments are made.value management can also reduce costs by up to 10% (Construction task force;1998, P13) 2.2 What is Value Management? The value management was defined in order to which the idea of value must be understood firstly. The idea of value relies on the relationship between the satisfaction of many differing needs and the resources used in doing so. The less of the resource used or the greater the satisfaction of needs, the greater the value. Stakeholders, internal and external clients may all hold differing views of what represents value. The scope of value management is to reconcile these differences and enable an organization to achieve the greatest progress towards its stated goals with the use of minimum resource (which you can see in figure below) What is necessary for desired user = Satisfaction of needs Use of resources Value Everything that is required to satisfy needs It is important to understand that value may be improve by increasing the satisfaction of need even if the resources used in doing so increase, provided that the satisfaction of need increases more than the increases in used of resources(I.V.M. 2007) Value Management has a variety of meaning, but the basic principal of adding a value to the project in terms of the customer to remain the same. Kelly and Male (1998) defined value management as a service which maximises the functional value of a project by a managing its development from concept to completion and commissioning through the audit (examination) of all decisions against a value system determined by the client.They advice that the value system of the customer might be made explicit using functional analysis to expose the relationship between time, cost and quality. Value management is a planned approach to the recognition and valuation of project objectives and of the means by which these may be achieved is order to obtain value for money using a specialist facilitator and workshop techniques. According to institute of value management, the value management approach involves in three root principles; A continuous awareness of value for the organization, create measure or estimates of value, monitoring and controlling them; A focus on the objectives and targets before seeking solutions; A focus on function, providing the key to maximize innovative and practical outcomes. Value management utilizes workshop techniques, in which the customers and their advisors seek to identify the customers needs and objectives. These workshops, help by a value manager use brainstorming techniques and functional analysis to increase value in light of the clients need and requirements by certify that design solutions evolve in accordance with the agreed objectives. A consistent and chronological path is achieved through the use of job plan these workshops, following a five step process: The workshop begins with an information phase n which details of the project are presented in participants. This phase should give a clear due to all parties as to what the clients needs, wants and limits are the smart method of value management may be utilized at this stage. SMART value management is based upon technique known as the simple multi-attribute rating technique SMART value management understand that it is not sufficient merely to achieve the required function cost-effectively firstly it is necessary to ensure that the key project stakeholders have developed a share understanding of the strategic objectives, with is both the sound in its theory and practical in its implementation (Green, 2003) The next phase is the speculation phase, which involves generating alternative solutions and ideas. This phase of the workshop is usually performed with the aid of brainstorming and other creative thinking techniques such as the Gordon Technique to encourage the contribution of suggestion to improve value. The evaluation phase is used to assess the merits of the ideas generated during the creative phase, and compare the various ideas, which have been put forward. A list of best ideas is then carried forward for further development. The improvement phase considers in detail all of the ideas accepted from the evaluation phase to determine whether or not an idea should become a firm proposal. It should be developed in detail which is of ideas and then need to be priced in order to make a decision whether to present the ideas. The completion stage is the presentation phase which the teams proposals are presented to the client and their representatives. Diplomacy is an essential part in proposing changed to the original design. The ability of the catalyst is central to the success of the value management process. The success of the value management process. The facilitators role is to advising upon the selection of value management team, co-ordinating pre-workshop activities (E.g. issue of relevant information to selected value management participants), deciding upon the timing and duration of workshops, managing the workshop process and preparing reports. The management of the workshop can be a difficult task requiring a variety of skills. These include; the ability to adhere to an agenda; identifying the strengths and weakness of team members and promoting their positive interaction; motivating and directing activity; overseeing functional analysis; promoting an atmosphere conducing a disciplined structure (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). Which the test created by Kelly and male (1998) where the test created by Kelly and male (1998) where the outlines of a member in criteria, which is to be met, in order to conclude the authentic value management is being carried out .Those criteria are as follows; The workshop should consist of a multi disciplinary team. It use of a qualified value management as a facilitator. Implemented the brainstorming techniques. Implemented of functional analysis (as detailed below) Observance to a job plan (as detailed below) In this piece of work the above test together with the proceeding definition. Shall be use to define whether value management is being carried out. 2.3 Functional Analysis Functional analysis will mainly give the idea of identifying the common functions of an item, and in terms of construction, It identifies the clients need in terms of function. It is simple and effective with underlying the principle of functional analysis. when the technique applied to a building component on element it invites the question what does it do as opposed to what is it with this in mind, when searching for alternatives, we look for something that will perform the required function rather than attempt to find a substitute for the previous solutions (Palmer, 1992) FAST is an analysis process that was developed by Charles Bythway. It builds upon work by miles and allows functional analysis to be modelled and used as a means of multi disciplined communication. The application of fast is universal. It is based upon logic and allows aims and objectives to be translated into action Green (1994) indicates that the functional analysis system technique(FAST) is best used for the hard technical problems associated to value engineering which are normally carried out at later stage in the design process than more strategic SMART model used in value management functional analysis, which is central to the FAST technique, forces conciseness and eliminates ambiguity. FAST were also examines the cost Vs worth aspect, allowing full consideration of varying functions of one component. The aim of FAST is identifying the clients wants in terms of function not things (Bythway, 1992) One method of carrying out FAST analysis is use of a FAST diagram. This is a power ful technique in identifying the functional requirements of a project. 2.4 Value Management in Practice The recent years the UK construction Industry has come under heavy research, and has got heavy criticism from major sources. During the 1990s the Lathan and Egan reports Building the team and Rethinking construction identified the inefficiency inherent in an adversarial construction industry. In particular Rethinking construction set a challenge for change and improvement. These criticism coupled with clients increasing demand for achieving value have seen designers and contractors take up the gantlet and develop different types of business relationships and evolved new methods of good practice, and methodologies to improve efficiency, and value to the client. To this end, a growing number of companies claim to offer value management as a service, incorporating design management concepts, whole life costing, risk management and human resource management ( Kelly and Male, 2002) and is principally aimed at achieving best value for money (in terms of both, decisions arising from the value management process, the ensuring product and the process itself) to ensure best use of time and resources. However there could appear to be some confusion as to what actually constitutes value management. The modern day agreement for value management is not that it is a cost cutting exercise, or a method of keeping projects within budget, rather as a means of achieving best value for money to the client. Kelly and Male (2004) describe value management as the process by which the functional benifits of a project are made explicit and appraised consistent with a value system determined by the client value engineering, on the other hand, is concerned with achieving a given function at minimum cost. This there is some confusion between the vaue engineering and the value management. That as the value management will do achieve a high value to the client, in terms of meeting client objectives, which the value engineering will contrast looks to improve value in monetary terms by reducing cost, after analysis of function. In other words its aims are to achieve the function, at the least possible cost. That it may not lead to the greatest added value to the client. (DellIsola 1982) This confusion in terms has the lead some commentators to go so for as to question whether the value management differs from the established procedures of cost management (Green, 1992) The lot of majority of material studied however, were of the opinion that value management is a useful tool in identifying the clients needs, and utilising functional analysis to formulate a plan how best to meet these needs. In 1995 the RICS publication, Improving value for money in construction It is stated value management must be undertaken as part of the part of the process of establishing the clients business case in to ensure that the project address real needs and adds value. In todays UK construction industry, the use of value management is touted as having increased competition and encouraged growth by allowing better, more informed decisions to be made by IVM (Institute of Value Management,2000) In project delivery opportunities for such improved decision making exist through a project inception, design, construction and disposal (Kinnan and Martin,1997). Allowing value management to be introduced at any stage of project, with the later stages being used to assist project Integrating and procurement, often through the use of builadability concepts and partnering (Hyan,1997) without value management, however, significant additional costs can be incurred in late design changes (DellIsola,1982) as well as; Outcomes that represent poor value for money; In appropriate strategic for providing service need; Poor definition of service needs; An asset operation that cannot support service delivery; In effective communication among client/owners; Deficient project briefs; and Lack of project ownership by end users and managers. (Daddow and Skit more, 1993). Therefore to find the unsurprising the value management in construction industry has received attention and support from the government since the early 1990s (Institute of value management, 2000) and for more it use in becoming a requirement in the development and assessment of projects. whether this will ultimately lead to value management being a mandatory requirement in similar way to quality management in the 1980s is not yet known.(Daddow and Skitmore,1993) Indeed the RICS voice that value management should be made mandatory. Stating value management should be an automatic part of every project and not be an option in the 1995 publication, Improving value for money in construction. (RICS, 1995, P29) In the USA for example, a system of incentives and rebates, referred to as value management incentive and rebates, referred to as value management incentive clauses, are increasingly being introduced into contracts to formalise the arrangements between parties, for sharing the costs involved in implementing value management (Thiry,1997). The degree of success, which value management is touted to achieve is also varied. That the most easy source to quote is Sir John Egans report (1998) rethinking construction; presented to the deputy prime minister, in which a figure of a 10% saving on the contract sum, being forecast as figure to reasonable expected. As previously mentioned, this particular report was damming in assessing the UK construction industry current state, with regards to inefficiency and waste. However value management in particular was singled out, as one of the ways to address these problem, describing value management as a structured method of eliminating waste from the brief and from the design before building commitments have been made(Egan, 1998; p13) Ashworth Hogg(2000) to back this figure up somewhat, claiming that for a 1% be on construction cost, It is possible that a total saving of up to 10%-15% on construction costs can be achieved, should the correct procedures take place. How accurate the es timates are, is hard to prove, and in all likelihood vary from case to case, with many variables determining the success of the value management process. There are various differing reports from other leading commentators such as Palma (1992) who although not rejecting the advantages of value management, suggest that is not as clear at as deciding to implement value management. Palmer states that effectiveness of value management depends largely on the personalities involved, the timing of the study the interaction of the team and the role of the client and the input of the design team, whilst going onto say that as functional analysis often gets ignored the whole value management process is often no more than a cost cutting exercise. That of man paper seems to agree that there are numbers variables which affect the success of the value management process. Koo et al (2005) suggest the success the key reasons for failure of a value management exercise being; Lack of experience and skill of the facilitator. Improve use of functional analysis. Lack of purpose of purpose of FAST diagramming and no description of FAST diagrams. Unsatisfactory and impromptu function analysis of the value engineering project was performed in order to get results quickly, easily and superficially. The table below illustrates the causes and reasons for unsuitable FAST analyse according to Koo et al (2005) Causes and reasons of the unsuitable function analysis Description Causes Reasons Functional Analysis Function Definition Unrelated function definition for the project Deficiency of purpose and methodology of function analysis Unsuitable function definition Lack of recognition of function analysis Lack of community between function definition and follows Lack of education an experience of value engineering team members Job plan Unsatisfactory understanding of value engineering project Function Classification Classification confusion of the main and secondary function definitions Lack of understanding of value engineering object Lack of objectives for function selection Too much or too little secondary and function description relating to the main function Fast diagramming Lack of purpose of FAST diagramming Difficulty and lack of expertise for diagramming No description of FAST diagram. Lack of adaption value engineering diagramming logic

How To Get To School Without Saying The F Word :: essays research papers

Ingredients: Yourself and the city of New York Please! Don’t scream too loud at the sunlight piercing your protesting eyes, torn from the throes of a trip in Rome. Monotonously say, â€Å"Yes Mom,† to the screaming she-devil dragging you out of bed. Place your feet on the cold floor and yelp. Scramble for your floppies; make sure they’re under the bed. No other place will do. You will now be forced to grope underneath the bed for this necessary accessory. Make sure your hand encounters something cold and slimy that you can’t identify. But please! DON’T SAY THE F WORD. Remember, Mom is watching. Remove your hand, wipe on tissue and slowly make your way to the bathroom. Make sure it is occupied; hopefully by your brother but if he is not available, your sister will do. If it is your father, go back to your room and wait for either sibling. Once your brother or sister is in the bathroom, bang on the door at least twice. Repeat if desired. Have them stay inside for another five minutes, pace the hallway in impatience and wish to be an only child. You may also wish to die but this is quite drastic and not necessary. Once the occupant leaves the bathroom, glare at them angrily and then stalk inside. Jump into the shower, turn the wrong knob so that cold water pours over your face. But please! DON’T SAY THE F WORD. Someone might be standing right outside. Make sure your shower is just long enough so that you have to skip breakfast. Emerge from your shower, don a towel and stare at yourself in the mirror. Complain about your looks, wallow in self-pity and begin to cry hysterically. Stop crying. Stare at yourself in the mirror, analyze your face. Say, â€Å"It could be worse.† Blame the media for your insecurities, and give yourself a pep talk. Try to brush your teeth without incident. Whistle a little, be happy. Don’t trip on the way out the bathroom. Tip-toe on the cold, hard floor to your room where your little sister lies in ambush in the corner . She will dart out screaming and scare you to death, them run shrieking down the hallway. Please! DON’T SAY THE F WORD! Her young, impressionable mind does not need the profanity. Quickly grab the first T-shirt and jeans you find in the Everest of piles that is your clothing.